Electronic data		Thermal data		Steric data
Shells: 2,8,18,4 Orbitals: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 Electronegativity: 2.0, 1.8 1. Ionization potential: 7.900 eV 2. Ionization potential: 15.934 eV 3. Ionization potential: 34.22 eV Oxidation states: 4 Electrical conductivity: 1.45e-8 10^6		Melting point: 937.4 °C Boiling point: 2830 °C Specific heat: 0.32 J/gK Heat of fusion: 36.940 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization: 330.90 kJ/mol Thermal conductivity: 0.599 W/cmK		Atomic radius: 1.52 Å Ionic radius: 0.53 Å () Covalent radius: 1.22 Å Atomic volume: 13.6 cm³/mol Density (293 K): 5.323 g/cm³ Crystal structure: Cubic: Face centered

Legend     Pocket calculator

Nuclide	Abundance [%]	Mass	Spin	Halflife	Decay mode	Decay tree
68Ge	0	68	0	270.8d	EC	View
69Ge	0	69	5/2	1.63d	EC,+	View
70Ge	20.51	69.9242	0	--	stable	--
71Ge	0	70.925	1/2	11.4d	EC	View
72Ge	27.43	71.9221	0	--	stable	--
73Ge	7.76	72.9235	9/2	--	stable	--
74Ge	36.54	73.9212	0	--	stable	--
76Ge	7.76	75.9214	0	--	stable	--
77Ge	0	77	7/2	11.3h	-	View

Legend

Name origin:	Latin: Germania (Germany)
Description:	Grayish-white metal.
Discovered by:	Clemens Winkler
Year:	1886
Place:	Germany
Sources:	Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.
Use(s):	Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.